bug(material/autocomplete): Scrolling autocomplete entries does not work when virtual-keyboard is visible

### Is this a regression?

- [ ] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

_No response_

### Description

When using the mat-autocomplete on a mobile device and the auto-complete is not at the top of the screen. Then the scrolling of the autocomplete does not work or the point where the autocomplete can be scrolled is below the autocomplete.

https://github.com/angular/components/assets/51996054/3acabe93-5328-487a-999c-a2cfe4ea0355

### Reproduction

StackBlitz link: https://material.angular.io/components/autocomplete/examples#autocomplete-optgroup
I was not able to reproduce it at StackBlitz maybe it has something todo with the stucture and the scrolling areas of the page.

Steps to reproduce:
1. Open it on an device with an virtual keyboard
2. click in the autocomplete of "Option groups autocomplete" when its in the bottom part of the screen

### Expected Behavior

Expected to scroll the autocompletion entries whenever the autocompletion entries are visible.

### Actual Behavior

Actual the scrolling does not work as expected.
https://github.com/angular/components/assets/51996054/3acabe93-5328-487a-999c-a2cfe4ea0355

### Environment

- Angular: 17.0.4
- CDK/Material: 17.0.4
- Browser(s): Chrome (120.0.6099.115)
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu): Android

StackBlitz の autocomplete optgroup の例から始め、仮想キーボードを表示した Android Chrome で、autocomplete を画面下部付近に配置して問題を再現します。キーボードが表示されているときのスクロールを比較し、関係する component または overlay のエントリーポイントを特定します。この位置で表示中の autocomplete エントリが通常どおりスクロールできれば完了です。

索引モデルが issue の本文から書いたものです。