bug(badge): Badge doesn't react to the browser font size

### Is this a regression?

- [ ] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

_No response_

### Description

When you change the size of the font through the browser settings. The badges remain the same size.

Comparison images:
small
large
chrome option

### Reproduction

Steps to reproduce:
1. Go in the Chrome options
2. Search for "Font size"
3. Set to "Very small"
4. Go on https://material.angular.io/components/badge/overview
5. Now change to "Very large"
6. Compare again on the doc page

### Expected Behavior

I have a feeling the badges should follow the size of the font.

### Actual Behavior

Badges font remain unchanged between very small or very large font option.

### Environment

- Angular: 16.2.5
- CDK/Material: 16.2.5
- Browser(s): Chrome 116.0.5845.187
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu): macOS 13.5.2

Start by reproducing the issue on the Material badge overview at material.angular.io/components/badge/overview, using Chrome's Font size setting and comparing Very small with Very large. Done means the badge font and size respond consistently when the browser font size changes, with the behavior verified across both settings.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.