feat(slider): Allow users to manually set custom min & max values on slider thumbs

### Is this a regression?

- [ ] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

_No response_

### Description

This is somewhat similar to an older issue with mat-checkbox (https://github.com/angular/components/issues/22149)

I want to ensure that the range in the slider is always greater than zero. E.g. if the "end" value is currently 9, then a user can only move the "start" thumb as high as 8.

I'm enforcing it by subscribing to `valueChanges` of the form controls associated with the slider input elements.

```
this.start.valueChanges.subscribe(() => {
if (this.start.value >= this.end.value) {
this.start.setValue(this.end.value - 1, { emitEvent: false });
}
});
```
Even though the code above guarantees the form control values satisfy the constraint, the underlying DOM `input` element doesn't reflect the programmatic change from the `setValue` call.

A workaround I'm currently using is injecting the `input` elements (via `@ViewChild`) and setting its `.value` directly.

### Reproduction

StackBlitz link: https://stackblitz.com/edit/benvwf-lmrtl4?file=src%2Fexample%2Fslider-range-example.ts
Steps to reproduce:
1. Drag the "start" thumb all the way to the right

### Expected Behavior

The "start" thumb stops at the "8" tick mark, never reaches the last "9".

### Actual Behavior

- The "start" thumb goes up to the "end" position ("9").
- The form control value (printed above the slider) shows "8" - out of sync with the actual thumb state in the DOM

### Environment

- Angular: 16
- CDK/Material: 16
- Browser(s): Firefox
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu): macOS

Commencez par la reproduction StackBlitz liée et suivez comment les contrôles de formulaire de début et de fin du slider mettent à jour leurs éléments input sous-jacents après setValue(..., { emitEvent: false }). Vérifiez que le correctif maintient la position du thumb, la valeur du DOM et la valeur du contrôle de formulaire synchronisées, tout en garantissant que la valeur de début reste inférieure à la valeur de fin.

Rédigé par le modèle d'indexation à partir du texte de l'issue.