feat(slider): Allow users to manually set custom min & max values on slider thumbs

### Is this a regression?

- [ ] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

_No response_

### Description

This is somewhat similar to an older issue with mat-checkbox (https://github.com/angular/components/issues/22149)

I want to ensure that the range in the slider is always greater than zero. E.g. if the "end" value is currently 9, then a user can only move the "start" thumb as high as 8.

I'm enforcing it by subscribing to `valueChanges` of the form controls associated with the slider input elements.

```
this.start.valueChanges.subscribe(() => {
if (this.start.value >= this.end.value) {
this.start.setValue(this.end.value - 1, { emitEvent: false });
}
});
```
Even though the code above guarantees the form control values satisfy the constraint, the underlying DOM `input` element doesn't reflect the programmatic change from the `setValue` call.

A workaround I'm currently using is injecting the `input` elements (via `@ViewChild`) and setting its `.value` directly.

### Reproduction

StackBlitz link: https://stackblitz.com/edit/benvwf-lmrtl4?file=src%2Fexample%2Fslider-range-example.ts
Steps to reproduce:
1. Drag the "start" thumb all the way to the right

### Expected Behavior

The "start" thumb stops at the "8" tick mark, never reaches the last "9".

### Actual Behavior

- The "start" thumb goes up to the "end" position ("9").
- The form control value (printed above the slider) shows "8" - out of sync with the actual thumb state in the DOM

### Environment

- Angular: 16
- CDK/Material: 16
- Browser(s): Firefox
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu): macOS

Beginne mit der verknüpften StackBlitz-Reproduktion und verfolge, wie die Start- und End-Formularsteuerelemente des Sliders ihre zugrunde liegenden Input-Elemente nach setValue(..., { emitEvent: false }) aktualisieren. Bestätige, dass der Fix die Thumb-Position, den DOM-Wert und den Wert des Formularsteuerelements synchron hält und dabei den Startwert unter dem Endwert hält.

Vom Indexierungsmodell aus dem Issue-Text verfasst.