bug(Menu): Incorrect position of submenu while using ng-template

### Is this a regression?

- [X] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

11.x

### Description

After some digging, I found the commit that break the positioning of the submenu when the menu items are created by using `ng-template`

The first related issue is #16167 and the corresponding [commit](https://github.com/angular/components/commit/44293522e98bbd975e5fba2551421af32631f2de) changed the way the padding is determined. Instead of using a fix value, it calculates the padding from the "offset of the first item".

Also, another issue (which is still open) #14842 clearly states that `@ContentChildren` does not find child elements created via `ngTemplateOutlet`.

These hand in hand break our code when we changed Angular version. Here is what happens:
- We have a template for "no-child menu items"
- The menu item is created by using `ngTemplateOutlet` when the menu item does not have any child element
- Otherwise, a `button[mat-menu-item]` is created directly

This causes a problem, since the `_items` collection of the menu does not contain the elements created from the `ng-template` so the calculated "padding" is totally wrong (in our case 200px instead of 8px).

A possible fix would be that instead of using the first item offset, the style of the first item's parent could be calculated using [window.getComputedStyle](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Window/getComputedStyle), for example.

### Reproduction

Steps to reproduce (see [stackblitz](https://stackblitz.com/edit/components-issue-rlxajt?file=src/app/example-component.html)):

1. Open the main menu
2. Open a submenu (position is off)

The stackblitz is greatly simplified.

### Expected Behavior

The appropriate padding should be calculated so the submenu can be shown in the right place.

### Actual Behavior

The submenu is shown in the wrong place

### Environment

- Angular: 14.2.0
- CDK/Material: 14.2.0
- Browser(s): Google Chrome 108.0.5359.95
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu): Windows 10

Beginne mit der verlinkten StackBlitz-Reproduktion und untersuche die Logik zur Positionierung des Menü-Untermenüs, insbesondere die Berechnung des Abstands basierend auf dem Offset des ersten Elements und der Sammlung `_items`. Vergleiche das Verhalten mit Commit 44293522e98bbd975e5fba2551421af32631f2de und überprüfe, dass durch `ngTemplateOutlet` erstellte Elemente die erwartete Position des Untermenüs und einen Abstand von 8px erzeugen.

Vom Indexierungsmodell aus dem Issue-Text verfasst.