feat(core): Expose SCSS breakpoints

### Feature Description

As @angular/flex-layout become deprecated and Angular team does not intend to provide an alternative, we are forced to handle responsive layout by our own.

Writing CSS is ok, but to stick with Material design guidance we must use specific breakpoints. It would be great if @angular/material could expose these breakpoints like it does for palettes and theming. Otherwise we have to declare them ourself for every projects.

### Use Case

would simplify scss writting and add opinions about breakpoints (like CDK Layout API)

```scss
@use '@angular/material' as mat;

@media #{$mat.gt-xs} {
// insert your styles
}
```

Start by comparing the requested SCSS breakpoint variables with the CDK Layout API and the Angular Material theming surface mentioned in the issue. Done means Angular Material exposes documented breakpoint values that can be consumed in SCSS media queries without redefining them in each project.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.