[MatDialog]: Infer return-type `R` of `MatDialogRef<T, R>` based on component passed into `MatDialog.open()`

### Feature Description

If I call:

```
MatDialog
.open(ADialogComponent)
.afterClosed()
.subscribe((result) => {
// result should have a type rather than `any`
});
```

It would be nice if `result` could be typed based on what `ADialogComponent` is known to return. Perhaps some work would need to be done for a component to be able to specify its return type. Maybe it would need to implement an interface `MatDialogComponent` or something. I don't know the solution...I just know the current way leaves a lot of room for error.

As things are currently, the caller must specify the return type when calling `MatDialog.open()` like this:

```
MatDialog
.open(ADialogComponent)
.afterClosed()
.subscribe((result: ReturnTypeHere) => {
// result is typed as ReturnTypeHere because it was specified when calling MatDialog.open()
});
```

The gives the caller the opportunity to incorrectly specify the return type...or to not specify one at all.

### Use Case

_No response_

Empieza leyendo los typings de MatDialog.open() y MatDialogRef descritos en el issue; después, sigue cómo se relaciona el componente pasado a open() con el resultado de afterClosed(). Se considera terminado cuando el tipo del resultado se infiere a partir del componente sin requerir que los llamadores proporcionen un genérico explícito para el tipo de retorno, y el contrato de componente compatible está documentado o probado.

Escrito por el modelo de indexación a partir del texto del issue.