feat(MatDateRangePicker): add ability to use a custom component inside a dialog/popup

#### Feature Description

At the moment, the component that is used by the [`MatDatepickerBase._openAsDialog`](https://github.com/angular/components/blob/dfdf5cf7574a201b98b7e35ce770984527c790ee/src/material/datepicker/datepicker-base.ts#L500) and [`MatDatepickerBase._openAsPopup`](https://github.com/angular/components/blob/dfdf5cf7574a201b98b7e35ce770984527c790ee/src/material/datepicker/datepicker-base.ts#L542) methods is hardcoded. And you can't extend those because they are private.

If, instead, `MatDatepickerContent` was injected, we would have the ability to provide a component with extended functionality, e.g. with predefined date ranges. So, in the `MatDatepickerBase` we should have something like that:
```ts
constructor(
// ...
@Inject(MAT_DATEPICKER_CONTENT) private datepickerContent: MatDatepickerContentBase,
) {
// ...
}

// ...

private _openAsDialog(): void {
// ...
this._dialogRef = this._dialog.open>(this.datepickerContent, /* ... */);
// ...
}
```

We can then import `MatDatepickerContentBase`, extend it and provide our own component to be used in a dialog or popup.

#### Use Case

Add predefined ranges, use two calendars instead of one, add buttons etc.
For example, check the [ngx-daterangepicker-material](https://www.npmjs.com/package/ngx-daterangepicker-material) package:

まず src/material/datepicker/datepicker-base.ts の _openAsDialog と _openAsPopup を読み、次に MatDatepickerContent と MatDatepickerContentBase を追跡します。注入可能なコンテンツ拡張ポイントを定義し、カスタムコンポーネントでハードコードされたダイアログまたはポップアップのコンテンツを置き換えながら、datepicker の動作を維持できることを確認します。

索引モデルが issue の本文から書いたものです。