Allow mat-error in mat-form-field subviews

#### What is the expected behavior?
**NOTE**: it's more of an improvement (but a really critical one) than a bug.

`mat-error` should work even if it's not used as direct child of `mat-form-field`. It should work if it's used inside a component which itself is used in `mat-form-field`.

This is particularly necessary for **handling error messages in a reusable component**.
A real-world application may have several forms with a lot of validators on their fields.
Repeating a bunch of `mat-error`s and corresponding error messages for each usecase is just tedious.

### Suggested solution
I think the reason this currently doesn't work is because `@ContentChildren` decorator is used to get a hold of `mat-error` instances. However `@ContentChildren` [doesn't work for nested components](https://github.com/angular/angular/issues/5241) and aparently [this is by design](https://github.com/angular/angular/issues/5241#issuecomment-156841935).
Instead of using `@ContentChildren` , `MatError` can inject `MatFormField` and register itself into it.

#### What is the current behavior?
`mat-error` only works if it's directly used inside `mat-form-field`. If it's used inside a nested component, it doesn't work as expected.

#### What are the steps to reproduce?
https://stackblitz.com/angular/kllvoljyoem

#### Which versions of Angular, Material, OS, TypeScript, browsers are affected?
@angular/cdk@7.3.0
@angular/material@7.3.0
Angular: 7.2.3

#### Is there anything else we should know?

リンクされた StackBlitz の再現から始め、mat-form-field がネストされた再利用可能なコンポーネントをまたいで mat-error のインスタンスをどのように検出するかを調べます。現在の直接の子要素に限定された制限を確認し、mat-error がネストされている場合にバリデーションエラーが表示されること、また既存の直接の子要素に対する動作が維持されることを検証します。

索引モデルが issue の本文から書いたものです。