`urlRoot` in `karma.conf.js` can't be set to anything other than the default `/`

# 🐞 Bug report

### Command (mark with an `x`)

- [ ] new
- [ ] build
- [ ] serve
- [x] test
- [ ] e2e
- [ ] generate
- [ ] add
- [ ] update
- [ ] lint
- [ ] extract-i18n
- [ ] run
- [ ] config
- [ ] help
- [ ] version
- [ ] doc

### Is this a regression?

No.

### Description

Can't set `urlRoot` in `karma.conf.js` to anything other than "/" because:

> Angular CLI uses custom context file, which leads to this bug. It adds ``, which forces context.html to request http://localhost:9876/context.js instead of http://localhost:9876/karma/context.js.

which is described in detail in this issue: https://github.com/karma-runner/karma/issues/3357#issuecomment-634630974.

## 🔬 Minimal Reproduction

Run `ng test` with a `karma.conf.js` that contains a `urlRoot` set to anything but `/`:

```js
{
...,
urlRoot: "newBase"
}

```

## 🔥 Exception or Error

The error that is logged is the following:

```
09 11 2021 23:25:29.766:WARN [web-server]: 404: /_karma_webpack_/context.js
```

## 🌍 Your Environment

Angular CLI: 11.2.0

Node: 14.18.0

OS: darwin x64


Angular: 11.2.14

... common, compiler, compiler-cli, core, forms, localize

... platform-browser, platform-browser-dynamic, router, upgrade

Ivy Workspace: Yes

Package                         Version

---------------------------------------------------------

@angular-devkit/architect       0.1102.0

@angular-devkit/build-angular   0.1102.0

@angular-devkit/core            11.2.14

@angular-devkit/schematics      11.2.14

@angular/animations             12.2.8

@angular/cdk                    11.2.13

@angular/cli                    11.2.0

@schematics/angular             11.2.14

@schematics/update              0.1102.0

rxjs                            6.6.7

typescript                      4.1.6

Start with karma.conf.js and the ng test entry point, using the shown urlRoot configuration to reproduce the failure. Trace how the custom context file resolves context.js when urlRoot is set to newBase, and compare it with the expected /karma/context.js path. Done means the test run requests the context script under the configured urlRoot without a 404.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.