Hashnode shows "Failed to verify browser" on Chromium-based browsers (Brave, Chrome), but works on Firefox

For the past few days, I’ve been unable to use Hashnode on Chromium-based browsers like Brave and Chrome. Every time I try to access the site, I receive the error message:

> “Failed to verify browser”

This issue does **not** occur when using Firefox on the same machine. Hashnode works perfectly there.

### Steps to Reproduce:

1. Open Hashnode in Brave or any Chromium-based browser.
2. Attempt to load the dashboard or any page requiring authentication.
3. Observe the “Failed to verify browser” error.

### Expected Behavior:

Hashnode should load and function normally as it does in Firefox.

### Environment:

- Browser: Brave 1.91.168, Google Chrome 149.0.7827.102, Firefox 140.11.0esr
- OS: Whonix Workstation 18, Debian 13

### Additional Info:

- This issue started a few days ago.
- Clearing cache/cookies and trying incognito mode did not resolve it.
- JavaScript and cookies are enabled.

ソースファイル、テスト、エントリーポイントのいずれも特定されていません。まず、記載された Whonix/Debian 環境で Brave または Chrome 上の失敗を再現し、Firefox と比較してください。ダッシュボードと認証済みページが「Failed to verify browser」なしで読み込まれれば、issue は完了です。

索引モデルが issue の本文から書いたものです。