Refactor connection errors

NetworkError is the case of OperationalError in fact. Moreover, .execute() can raise NetworkError and it'll contradict to the standard if NetworkError will not be a child of OperationalError:

The module should make all error information available through these exceptions or subclasses thereof:

The standard says "should" (not "must"), but I guess it may be important if an application or a library implements some retrying strategy based on a type of an error. OperationalError is transient by its meaning and can be retried.

SchemaReloadException also looks as a child of OperationalError. It should not be visible for a user, but while we have the whole hierarchy implement, it looks meaningful to either move SchemaReloadException outside of it or inherit properly.

More generally, all errors that base connector raises should be within this hierarchy, otherwise it will not be userful in practice. I left separate comments for other standard errors, where existing errors should be child of them.

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The Warning class is not used anywhere now and is not connected to existing NetworkWarning and ClusterDiscoveryWarning warnings. Now those warnings are just emitted using standard warnings module (see warn() function below), but it is not flexible enough to implement Cursor.messages and Connection.messages Database API extensions. We should provide API for tarantool.connection that allows to redefine this behaviour and collect those warnings after a request as sequence of tuples (exception class, exception value) as defined in the Database API. It'll be base for implementing the Database API <...>.messages extensions.

It is unclear for me, whether 'exception class' should be a subclass of this Warning class or warnings.UserWarning (we should inherit it from StandardError, not warnigns.Warning, which in a child of Exception). It is unclear, what exatcly 'exception value' should be: an instance of this Warning class or arbitrary value that describes what exactly appears? I would look to other implementations to better understand the idea of the standard.

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self.handshake() call in _opt_reconnect() should be try-catched and its error should be wrapped into NetworkError like it is done in connect(). Otherwise Exception or ValueError may lift up to a user, which is not expectable I guess.

Maybe there are other similar places, need to look around the code.

Beginne damit, die im Issue genannten Ausnahmehierarchie und Verbindungseinstiegspunkte nachzuverfolgen: connect(), handshake() und _opt_reconnect(). Überprüfe NetworkError, OperationalError, SchemaReloadException, Warning, NetworkWarning und ClusterDiscoveryWarning und vergleiche anschließend das Verhalten der angeforderten Hierarchie und Nachrichten mit dem relevanten Database API-Standard. Die Aufgabe ist abgeschlossen, wenn die verbleibenden Connector-Fehler und Reconnect-Fehler der vorgesehenen Hierarchie folgen und das Verhalten der Warnungen definiert und abgedeckt ist.