Option to type default default arguments in Callable types - `WithDefault`

At the moment it's only possible to type callables with default arguments by using a Callback protocol . This adds a lot of additional code for just a few default arguments. Moreover it requires that users have at least a basic understanding of Protocols which is one of the more advanced typing concepts. Lastly, a Callback protocol can't be used to type a generic ParamSpec argument.

Proposal

Add a new WithDefault special type which can be used to annotate arguments in callable types.

Examples

from typing import Callable, TypeAlias, WithDefault

def func(a: str, b: int = 0) -> None: ...
def other(a: str, b: int) -> None: ...

def g(f: Callable[[str, WithDefault[int]], None]) -> None:
    f("Hello")  # ok
    f("World", 2)  # ok

g(func)  # ok
g(other)  # error

For generic ParamSpec types

class Job(Generic[_P]):
    def __init__(self, target: Callable[_P, None]) -> None:
        self.target = target

def g(job: Job[str, WithDefault[int]]) -> None:
    job.target("Hello")  # ok
    job.target("Hello", 2)  # ok

Commencez par les exemples de Callable et de ParamSpec générique de la proposition, puis examinez comment les arguments par défaut sont actuellement représentés au moyen de protocoles de callback. Définissez le comportement de typage pour WithDefault, notamment l’acceptation des arguments omis et le rejet des arguments obligatoires, puis validez les deux exemples avant de considérer la fonctionnalité comme complète.