Meta issue: better `getattr` support

Feature

One thing that bothered me for a long time is getattr and its very broad return type even for simplest cases:

from typing import Literal

class Some:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.a = 1

s = Some()

reveal_type(s.a)  # Revealed type is "builtins.int"
reveal_type(getattr(s, 'a'))  # Revealed type is "Any"
reveal_type(getattr(s, 'b'))  # Revealed type is "Any"
reveal_type(getattr(s, 'a', None))  # Revealed type is "Union[Any, None]"

a: Literal['a']
reveal_type(getattr(s, a))  # Revealed type is "Any"

ab: Literal['a', 'b']
reveal_type(getattr(s, ab))  # Revealed type is "Any"

So, I propose to add better support for it to mypy.

The same example, after the support is added:

from typing import Literal

class Some:
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.a = 1

s = Some()

reveal_type(s.a)  # Revealed type is "builtins.int"
reveal_type(getattr(s, 'a'))  # Revealed type is "builtins.int"
reveal_type(getattr(s, 'b'))  # error: "Some" has no attribute "b"
reveal_type(getattr(s, 'a', None))  # Revealed type is "builtins.int"

a: Literal['a']
reveal_type(getattr(s, a))  # Revealed type is "builtins.int"

ab: Literal['a', 'b']
reveal_type(getattr(s, ab))  # error: "Some" has no attribute "b"
reveal_type(getattr(s, ab, None))  # Revealed type is "builtins.int | None"

I have even written a custom plugin for it at some point.

Why?

This pattern is quite popular among Python developers. geattr(obj, 'string_key', None) is used for compatibility, optional dependencies, etc. That's something you can find in almost any project.

Technical details

I am going to utilize existing checkmember logic.
I even plan to support attribute plugins, where possible, because a.x and getattr(a, 'x') are semantically identical.
For now only str literals and Literal str types are going to be supported.

Related issues and problems

I am calling this issue "meta", because there are several very related problems I want to mention / solve here:

• https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/1424
• https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/10409

Next steps

I will start with a PR with a code prototype in a couple of days.

Beginne mit dem Lesen der vorhandenen checkmember-Logik, auf die in der Issue verwiesen wird, und überprüfe die verwandten Issues 1424 und 10409. Vergleiche die angeforderten getattr-Beispiele, einschließlich String- und Literal-Namen sowie Standardwerten, und verwende die angegebenen reveal_type-Ergebnisse und Missing-Attribute-Fehler als Abschlusskriterien.