sqlite3: NULL pointer dereference in window aggregate xValue/xInverse callbacks when the window frame is empty

Crash report

What happened?

This issue is a result review security advisories GHSA-g74h-5v93-4q3p.

Summary

Modules/_sqlite/connection.c in the sqlite3 standard library module
dereferences a NULL pointer when a user-defined aggregate window
function's value() (or inverse()) method is invoked by SQLite before
step() has ever been called for that window instance. This happens
whenever the window frame is empty for a given output row (e.g. the
first row of a partition with a frame such as
ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 PRECEDING). On a standard (non-debug)
build, this crashes the whole Python process with SIGSEGV.

The problem in the code was found by the Svace static analyzer (ISP RAS) and
was later confirmed by a real REPL crash.

Details

Tested on: CPython 3.12.10 (Fedora 40 system build, standard release
build) and CPython main @ https://github.com/python/cpython/commit/4c79929705eb31959a6f4071cc34583de0737a28
(2026-07-06). No special configuration is needed - a default build of
either version reproduces this.

import sqlite3

class A:
    def value(self):
        return 1

con = sqlite3.connect(":memory:")
con.create_window_function("f", 1, A)
con.execute("CREATE TABLE t(x)")
con.execute("INSERT INTO t VALUES (1)")
con.execute(
    "SELECT f(x) OVER (ROWS BETWEEN 1 PRECEDING AND 1 PRECEDING) FROM t"
).fetchall()

Result:

segmentation fault (core dumped)  python

No step, inverse, or finalize method needs to be defined on A -
the single row's window frame is unconditionally empty (there is no
row "1 preceding" the only row in the table), so value() is the first
and only callback SQLite invokes.

For a debug build (Py_DEBUG=1, configure --with-pydebug), the
assert(*cls != NULL) fires instead of segfaulting, printing:
Assertion '*cls != NULL' failed in value_callback.

Package: sqlite3 C API.

Affected versions: >= 3.11

CPython versions tested on:

CPython main branch, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14, 3.15, 3.16

Operating systems tested on:

Linux

Output from running 'python -VV' on the command line:

No response

Linked PRs

• gh-154576

从 Modules/_sqlite/connection.c 开始，特别检查 value_callback 和 inverse_callback 路径，并针对标准构建和调试构建运行随附的窗口函数复现程序。空 frame 情况在没有 SIGSEGV 或断言失败的情况下完成，即视为完成；关联的 PR gh-154576 表明相关工作可能已经在进行中。