array.array.fromlist() exposes uninitialized memory when an element's __index__ resizes the array

Bug report

Bug description:

array.array.fromlist() preallocates n slots with array_resize(self, old_size + n) and then fills them by calling the type's setitem at an index recomputed from the live Py_SIZE(self) on every iteration:

// Modules/arraymodule.c  array_array_fromlist_impl
old_size = Py_SIZE(self);
if (array_resize(self, old_size + n) == -1)
    return NULL;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
    PyObject *v = PyList_GET_ITEM(list, i);
    if ((*self->ob_descr->setitem)(self,
                    Py_SIZE(self) - n + i, v) != 0) {   // <-- live Py_SIZE(self)
        ...
    }
    if (n != PyList_GET_SIZE(list)) {                   // guards the *list*, not self
        ...
    }
}

The loop guards against the source list changing size, but not against self being resized as a side effect of converting an element. Conversion goes through setitem → _PyNumber_Index → __index__, which can run arbitrary Python. If __index__ grows self, Py_SIZE(self) increases, the write index Py_SIZE(self) - n + i slides forward, and the slots reserved by the initial array_resize are never written. array_resize uses PyMem_RESIZE (realloc) with no zeroing, so those slots hold uninitialized heap memory — fully readable from Python after a successful (no-exception) return.

Reproduction:

import array
a = array.array('i')
class Evil:
    def __index__(self):
        a.extend([0]*5)   # grow self during the conversion callback
        return 111
a.fromlist([Evil(), 222, 333])
print(a.tolist())

On a debug build:

[111, -842150451, -842150451, 0, 0, 0, 222, 333]
#      ^^^^^^^^^^^  ^^^^^^^^^^  slots reserved by array_resize but never written

-842150451 is 0xCDCDCDCD, pymalloc's PYMEM_CLEANBYTE fill for allocated-but-unwritten memory, i.e. the slots are uninitialized. On a release build these slots contain arbitrary process heap bytes (information disclosure), and the real elements (222, 333) are misplaced into the wrong positions. A shrinking __index__ (e.g. del a[0]) likewise leaves an uninitialized slot exposed.

Relationship to gh-144128:

Same entry point as gh-144128 ("CPython UaF during index callbacks", fixed in gh-144138) but a distinct defect. gh-144138 fixed a use-after-free of the borrowed item reference by adding Py_INCREF/Py_DECREF around _PyNumber_Index in II/LL/QQ_setitem; it did not change array_array_fromlist_impl, so this index-recompute / uninitialized-slot issue is still present on main.

Suggested fix:

Fill the fixed slot old_size + i (rather than an offset recomputed from the live Py_SIZE) and add a guard that bails with RuntimeError("array changed size during iteration") if self is resized mid-iteration, mirroring the existing list-mutation guard. PR to follow.

CPython versions tested on:

main (3.16); the code is long-standing and earlier versions are affected too.

Linked PRs

• gh-152167

從 Modules/arraymodule.c 中的 array_array_fromlist_impl 開始，使用會調整陣列大小的提供 index 回呼重現問題。檢查現有的變更防護機制以及相關的 PR gh-152167。完成的標準是：轉換期間調整大小不會暴露未寫入的槽位或錯誤放置元素，並且有涵蓋擴容和縮容的回歸測試。