asyncio: Add guest mode for running asyncio inside external event loops

Feature request

Add guest mode to asyncio, enabling it to run cooperatively inside a host event loop such as Tkinter, Qt, GTK, or any other framework that owns the main thread.

Motivation

GUI toolkits (Tk, Qt, GTK, pygame, ...) each have their own event loop that must run on the main thread. Today there is no standard way to use asyncio coroutines inside a GUI application without:

• Polling hacks (periodic root.after() calls)
• Replacing the event loop entirely (fragile, framework-specific)
• Running asyncio in a separate thread and manually marshalling results

Trio solved this problem with trio.lowlevel.start_guest_run() and the approach has proven robust across many GUI frameworks (see trio-guest).

Proposed API

import asyncio

task = asyncio.start_guest_run(
    async_fn, *args,
    run_sync_soon_threadsafe=host.schedule_callback,
    done_callback=host.on_done,
)

The implementation decomposes BaseEventLoop._run_once() into three new public methods — poll_events(), process_events(), and process_ready() — then uses a dual-thread architecture where the host thread processes callbacks and a daemon I/O thread polls for events.

Prior art and discussion

• Trio guest mode
• trio-guest — multi-framework reference implementation
• asyncio-guest — proof-of-concept for asyncio (this proposal is derived from it)
• discuss.python.org: Connecting asyncio and tkinter event loops

A reference implementation with tests (12 tests passing, full asyncio test suite regression-free) is ready to submit as a PR.

Linked PRs

• gh-145343

Comece por BaseEventLoop._run_once(), pela API pública proposta e pelos 12 testes da implementação de referência. Analise o PR vinculado gh-145343 e os trabalhos anteriores citados sobre o modo convidado; o trabalho estará concluído quando o modo convidado proposto funcionar de forma cooperativa com os loops de eventos do host e passar em seus testes sem regressões na suíte asyncio.