Improve performance of dataclasses.asdict by caching field names

Feature or enhancement

Proposal:

About 8 years ago @ericvsmith asked:

https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/c779f2324df06563b4ba3d70d0941e619ccaf5ff/Lib/dataclasses.py#L1381

By caching the field names of a dataclass on the class the performance improves:

asdict: Mean +- std dev: [main] 2.33 us +- 0.14 us -> [pr] 1.65 us +- 0.08 us: 1.41x faster
astuple: Mean +- std dev: [main] 2.77 us +- 0.15 us -> [pr] 2.15 us +- 0.09 us: 1.29x faster
f.__getstate__(): Mean +- std dev: [main] 941 ns +- 64 ns -> [pr] 360 ns +- 18 ns: 2.61x faster

Benchmark hidden because not significant (1): instance creation

Geometric mean: 1.47x faster

import pyperf

setup = """
from dataclasses import dataclass, asdict, astuple
from pickle import dumps

@dataclass
class Simple:
     i : int
     s : str
     l : list

s = Simple(10, 'hi', [3, 1, 4, 1])

@dataclass(frozen=True, slots=True)
class Frozen:
     i : int
     s : str
     l : list

f = Frozen(10, 'hi', [3, 1, 4, 1])
f.__getstate__()

"""

runner = pyperf.Runner()
runner.timeit(name="instance creation", stmt="Simple(10, 'hi', [3, 1, 4, 1])", setup=setup)
runner.timeit(name="asdict", stmt="asdict(s)", setup=setup)
runner.timeit(name="astuple", stmt="astuple(s)", setup=setup)
runner.timeit(name="f.__getstate__()", stmt="f.__getstate__()", setup=setup)

The main downside of caching the field names is that (per dataclass, not per instance) we have an additional private field on the class with a list of strings.

Has this already been discussed elsewhere?

No response given

Links to previous discussion of this feature:

No response

Linked PRs

• gh-138233

先檢閱 Lib/dataclasses.py 中 asdict 和 astuple 的實作部分，然後在進行任何工作之前檢查連結的 PR gh-138233。執行提供的 pyperf 指令碼，以建立報告中的基準；完成後應保留 dataclass 的行為，同時實現所提議的欄位名稱快取效能改進。