Inconsistent behavior when validating type parameter substitutions

Bug report

Bug description:

There are currently three different cases (two of them being closely related) where type parameters can be substituted/parameterized with concrete types:

• On a user-defined generic class:

  class MyGeneric[T1, T2]: ...
  
  alias = MyGeneric[int, str]
  

• On an already parameterized alias (following the previous example):

  temp_alias = MyGeneric[int, T2]
  alias = temp_alias[str]
  

• On a PEP 695 type alias:

  type MyAlias[T1, T2] = dict[T1, T2]
  
  gen_alias = MyAlias[int, str]
  

---

All of these three cases have slightly different behavior. The one that seems to be the most accurate is the second one. As alias is a _GenericAlias instance, parameterizing it will call _GenericAlias.__getitem__. There is a bunch of logic in there, and it seems that both __typing_prepare_subst__ and then __typing_subst__ (which is only doing type check assertions) are being called.

However, the first case is not making the calls to __typing_subst__, meaning the following would unexpectedly work:

class A[T, **P]: ...

A[int, str]
# ok at runtime, should fail as `P` should be substituted with a valid parameter expression
# (another ParamSpec, the ellipsis, a list/tuple of types or a Concatenate form).

If you do the same on a _GenericAlias instance (matches the second case), an error is raised:

alias = A[T, P]

alias[int, str]
# TypeError: Expected a list of types, an ellipsis, ParamSpec, or Concatenate. Got <class 'str'>

This leads us to the first point: should we apply the same logic between these two cases? To avoid breaking changes, we might have to consider forward references:

class A[T, **P]: ...

A[int, 'ForwardParamSpec']

ForwardParamSpec = ParamSpec('ForwardParamSpec')

So perhaps we can exclude ForwardRef from the type check in ParamSpec.__typing_subst__ (note that it already doesn't work for the second case).

I'll also note that having __typing_subst__ not called is not the only difference. For instance, the second case also calls _unpack_args() on the passed args, while the first case doesn't [^1]

---

Onto the last case (PEP 695 type aliases), currently no validation is performed whatsoever:

type MyAlias[T1, T2] = dict[T1, T2]

MyAlias[int]  # no error

So the second point is: should we apply the same logic as in case 1/2? Again, I don't know if applying the same logic here on type aliases is going to introduce any breaking changes concerns?

[^1]: Here is an example of how this manifests: https://gist.github.com/Viicos/db10da58914809a87c0a82c1b2f19162

CPython versions tested on:

3.14

Operating systems tested on:

Linux

Inizia in Lib/typing.py con _GenericAlias.getitem, ParamSpec.typing_subst e _unpack_args(), quindi confronta questi percorsi con la sostituzione diretta delle classi generiche e degli alias di tipo PEP 695. Usa gli esempi nel report per determinare se la validazione debba essere coerente, inclusi i riferimenti forward, e verifica il comportamento risultante in tutti e tre i casi.