Traceback leaks global code when `exec`:ed code raises

Bug report

Bug description:

Details

The traceback module's various functions for inspecting an exception leaks surrounding code when used to inspect an exception originating from an exec or eval call. I discovered this using traceback.format_exception but it applies to traceback.print_exc and the other ones that call or are called by those as well.
Specifically when compiled for "exec" mode using compile, and the exec:ed code inherits the context from which exec was called.

In this example, the comment on the first line is included in the printed traceback.

# Hi, I'm in the error message
import traceback
try:
    exec(compile("tuple()[0]", "s", "exec"))
except:
    traceback.print_exc()

This prints:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<filename>", line 4, in <module>
    exec(compile("tuple()[0]", "s", "exec"))
  File "s", line 1, in <module>
    # Hi, I'm in the error message
IndexError: tuple index out of range

It seems that whatever line number the error is on in the exec:ed code is applied to the calling file instead of the exec:ed code.
Changing line 4 in the example above to exec("tuple()[0]") avoids the issue, and no info regarding the line is printed by traceback. This behavior is in line with what python outputs when the exception is not caught:

# Hi, I'm not in the error message
exec(compile("tuple()[0]", "s", "exec"))

results in:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<filename>", line 2, in <module>
    exec(compile("tuple()[0]", "s", "exec"))
  File "s", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: tuple index out of range

Summary

Example code

# Hi, I'm in the error message
import traceback
try:
    exec(compile("tuple()[0]", "s", "exec"))
except:
    traceback.print_exc()

Expected behaviour

Should print the following:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<filename>", line 4, in <module>
    exec(compile("tuple()[0]", "s", "exec"))
  File "s", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: tuple index out of range

Actual behaviour

Prints this:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<filename>", line 4, in <module>
    exec(compile("tuple()[0]", "s", "exec"))
  File "s", line 1, in <module>
    # Hi, I'm in the error message
IndexError: tuple index out of range

CPython versions tested on:

3.8, 3.10, 3.11, 3.12

Operating systems tested on:

Linux, Windows

Linked PRs

• gh-122126

Start by reproducing the example with traceback.format_exception and traceback.print_exc, comparing compiled exec code with direct exec and uncaught exceptions. Trace how traceback rendering uses the filename and line number for the exec frame; done means the expected output omits the caller's source line, including for the other traceback functions described.