Create a new guide for setting up a baseline Python environment

A couple of things I've realised we need to clearly establish for the packaging user guide are:

• Which commands can folks contributing to the packaging guide or working on the PyPI user experience assume will "just work" on an end user's machine?
• How much guidance should the packaging tutorials provide on ensuring a system is in that state, given the wide variety of potential starting states?

Right now, we don't clearly document those environmental assumptions anywhere, which then makes it hard to provide a checklist for people to work through and ensure their environment is set up correctly.

The closest we currently get to this is to include a fairly cursory introduction to virtualenv in the package installation tutorial, and then implicitly assuming that the following is true in the rest of the guide:

• the user is working at a command prompt (whether inside their IDE, or in an actual system shell)
• the command python will run the desired version of Python
• the commands pip install and python -m pip install will be essentially equivalent (aside from the differences when upgrading pip itself on Windows) and install packages into the desired version of Python
• any executables installed that way will be executable from that command prompt
• any Python import packages installed that way will be importable from a Python shell started in that environment

Those assumptions are true once you're inside an activated virtual environment, but they're not true in the general case due to the differences between per-user Python installations and system-wide ones, and the differences in cross-platform conventions when it comes to learning how to start Python.

(Issue prompted by https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2017-November/047708.html, #394, and https://github.com/pypa/pip/issues/3164)

Additional related documentation:

• Bootstrapping guide for Linux: https://packaging.python.org/guides/installing-using-linux-tools/
• CPython's getting started guide: https://docs.python.org/3/installing/

Commencez par lire le guide utilisateur existant sur le packaging, la discussion sur virtualenv dans le tutoriel d’installation des paquets, ainsi que les guides d’installation liés pour Linux et CPython. Définissez les hypothèses de base prises en charge et les indications de configuration multiplateforme, puis documentez une checklist qui explicite ces hypothèses pour les contributeurs et les utilisateurs de PyPI.