Proposal: Rework metric instantiation to get-or-set from the registry

At present (v0.19.0 and previously) the prometheus_client.registry.Registry class is secondary in terms of API control flow to the prometheus_client.metrics.MetricWrapperBase and subclasses in that a caller says prometheus_client.Counter() and doing so implicitly first instantiates a new metric and then registers the names it defines into the global registry.

This makes the default behavior of the library code-reloading unsafe. Today if you reload code which invokes Counter(), you get a new counter instance which encounters a name conflict when it tries to register itself.

It would be better if the primary interface first performed a get-or-set against the specified registry so that reloading would re-fetch the original counter functionally as a singleton.

The real solution is that we should be explicitly managing and lifecycling registries, but the library default behavior of using a shared global registry creates this pitfall.

首先阅读 prometheus_client.registry.Registry 和 prometheus_client.metrics.MetricWrapperBase，包括 Counter() 如何在全局注册表中注册名称。跟踪重新加载时的名称冲突，并定义所需的注册表 get-or-set 行为，以便重新加载时重新获取现有指标，而不会重复注册。