symlink() on dangling symlink returns true and creates link at wrong location

Description

When calling symlink() where the $link parameter is an existing dangling (dead) symlink, the function returns true instead of false, and creates the new symlink at the target location of the dangling symlink instead of at the specified link path.

The PHP documentation states: "The function fails, and issues E_WARNING, if link already exists."
This does not happen correctly for dangling symlinks.

Steps To Reproduce

# Setup: create a dangling symlink

mkdir /tmp/bugtest
mkdir /tmp/bugtest/target_dir

ln -s /tmp/bugtest/target_dir/ghost.txt /tmp/bugtest/dead_link.txt
# dead_link.txt is now a dangling symlink pointing to a non-existent file in target_dir


# Trigger the bug: create a symlink over the existing dangling symlink (should fail) 

php -r "var_dump(symlink('/tmp/something', '/tmp/bugtest/dead_link.txt'));"
# > bool(true)


# Check what happened:

ls -la /tmp/bugtest/target_dir/
# > ghost.txt -> /tmp/something   (NEW symlink created at wrong location!)

ls -la /tmp/bugtest/dead_link.txt
# > still points to /tmp/bugtest/target_dir/ghost.txt (unchanged)

Expected Behavior

• Returns false
• Issues E_WARNING: symlink(): File exists
• No new symlink is created or at least existing (dead) symlink is overwritten
• in any way IF there is a write operation it affects EXACTLY /tmp/bugtest/dead_link.txt

Actual Behavior

• Returns true (no error!)
• Creates new symlink (ghost.txt -> /tmp/something) -- inside target_dir/ (!!)
• Original dangling symlink /tmp/bugtest/dead_link.txt remains unchanged

Comparison With Python / Shell

Python calls the same kernel syscall (symlink(2)) and behaves correctly:

import os
os.symlink('/tmp/something', '/tmp/bugtest/dead_link.txt')
# Raises: FileExistsError: [Errno 17] File exists
# No symlink created

Also ln -s behaves correctly:

ln -s /tmp/something /tmp/bugtest/dead_link.txt
# ln: failed to create symbolic link '/tmp/bugtest/dead_link.txt': File exists

Since both Python and ln call the same underlying syscall and behave correctly, the bug is in PHP's handling of the path before calling the symlink(2) syscall.

Security Impact

This bug has serious implications in scenarios where symlinks are used to organize or reference files across directory boundaries.

When symlink() is called on a dangling symlink, it silently creates a new symlink in a directory that should not be written to. The caller has no indication that this happened since the function returns true.

In our case, we use symlinks to create a chronological view of a photo library:

• Bilder_chronologisch/2000-01-January/photo.jpg -> Bilder/Subfolder_A/photo.jpg
• When Bilder/Subfolder_A/photo.jpg was deleted, the symlink in Bilder_chronologisch
  became dangling
• A subsequent symlink() call to update the chronological link instead created a new
  symlink inside Bilder/Subfolder_A/ - a directory that should never be written to
  by this code path
• The write into Bilder/Subfolder_A/ was completely silent - true was returned,
  no warning, no indication of the wrong location

Any application that uses symlink() to manage symlinks across directory trees is potentially vulnerable to unexpected writes into directories it never intended to modify.

Workaround

Check with is_link() before calling symlink(), since is_link() returns true for dangling symlinks while file_exists() does not:

if (!file_exists($linkPath) && !is_link($linkPath)) {
    symlink($target, $linkPath);
}

Additional Security Note: TOCTOU characteristic

Disclaimer: This section and the following were assisted by claude.ai:

The bug exhibits a Time-Of-Check-To-Use (TOCTOU) characteristic:

1. PHP checks: does $link exist? -> file_exists() returns false (dangling symlink)
2. PHP expands the path with expand_filepath() -> follows the dangling symlink
   -> silently lands in a different directory
3. PHP writes to that different directory

Between check and write, PHP has silently switched the target directory.
An attacker who can place a dangling symlink in a writable location could potentially redirect writes to any other directory the process has access to, without any indication that this has happened since symlink() returns true.

Note: exploitability requires write access to both the directory containing the dangling symlink AND the symlink's target directory. However, the silent misdirection of writes - with a true return value - is dangerous regardless of whether it can be actively exploited.

Root Cause Analysis

The bug is in ext/standard/link.c in PHP_FUNCTION(symlink):

if (!expand_filepath(frompath, source_p)) {
    php_error_docref(NULL, E_WARNING, "No such file or directory");
    RETURN_FALSE;
}

frompath is the $link parameter (the path where the new symlink should be created).
expand_filepath() resolves symlinks in the path - so when $link is a dangling symlink like /tmp/bugtest/dead_link.txt pointing to /tmp/bugtest/target_dir/ghost.txt, expand_filepath() resolves it to /tmp/bugtest/target_dir/ghost.txt.

PHP then calls the kernel's symlink(2) syscall with the resolved path instead of the original path - creating the new symlink at target_dir/ghost.txt instead of replacing dead_link.txt.

Suggested Fix

In ext/standard/link.c, replace:

if (!expand_filepath(frompath, source_p)) {

with a variant that does not follow the final symlink component, for example using
CWD_FILEPATH instead of CWD_REALPATH mode in expand_filepath_ex():

if (!expand_filepath_with_mode(frompath, source_p, NULL, 0, CWD_FILEPATH)) {

CWD_FILEPATH expands the path without resolving symlinks, which is the correct
behavior for the link target in symlink().

Clarification: Directory symlinks vs. file symlinks in $link

It is correct and expected that PHP resolves symlinks in the directory components of the $link path. For example, if /tmp/bugtest is itself a symlink to /somewhere/else/bugtest, then symlink() should correctly resolve the directory part of the path.

The bug is specifically that expand_filepath() also resolves the final component of the $link path when it happens to be a symlink. This is wrong because the final component IS the symlink to be created, not a directory to traverse into.

The correct behavior - analogous to POSIX lstat() vs stat() - is:

• Resolve symlinks in directory components of $link -> correct, needed for CWD handling
• Do NOT resolve the final component of $link -> it is the symlink to be created

This is exactly what CWD_FILEPATH mode achieves in the suggested fix.

PHP Version

PHP 8.5.6 (cli) (built: May  6 2026 14:32:18) (NTS)

Linux 6.1.26-2-lts, btrfs filesystem

Operating System

Arch Linux

从 ext/standard/link.c 中的 PHP_FUNCTION(symlink) 开始，然后重现 issue 中描述的 dangling link 情况。检查 expand_filepath() 如何处理路径的最后一个组成部分，并将其与建议的 CWD_FILEPATH 方法进行比较。当现有的 dangling link 被视为存在、不创建意外的目标目录链接，并恢复文档所述的失败行为时，即视为完成。