Synchronous exceptions in ES modules are always 'caught'

Version

20.3.1

Platform

Darwin mbp.peet.io 22.6.0 Darwin Kernel Version 22.6.0: Fri Sep 15 13:39:52 PDT 2023; root:xnu-8796.141.3.700.8~1/RELEASE_X86_64 x86_64

Subsystem

inspector

What steps will reproduce the bug?

1. Start a program containing throw new Error('foo'); in an ES module
2. Attach a debugger, like devtools or VS Code's debugger, and enable "pause on uncaught exceptions"
3. Run the program

How often does it reproduce? Is there a required condition?

100%

What is the expected behavior? Why is that the expected behavior?

The runtime should pause on the throw line

What do you see instead?

The runtime does not pause and the program exits

Additional information

First reported in https://github.com/microsoft/vscode-js-debug/issues/1861

Guessing this is because module evaluation is in a try/catch. Wonder if there's any machinery that can be used to mark containing exceptions as uncaught

https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/0a0b8dfd0d3684d6602599e1f0d9d935b3758700/lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js#L217-L219

Start with lib/internal/modules/esm/module_job.js around lines 217-219 and reproduce the issue using an ES module containing a synchronous throw with an attached debugger. Trace how the inspector handles the exception during module evaluation; done means the debugger pauses on the throw when pause on uncaught exceptions is enabled.