`stdio_server` uses unbuffered memory streams which can cause server to block and become unresponsive

Initial Checks

• I confirm that I'm using the latest version of MCP Python SDK
• I confirm that I searched for my issue in https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/issues before opening this issue

Description

The MCP Python SDK's stdio_server becomes unresponsive during slow message processing operations, causing ping and/or new requests to timeout.

Observed Behaviour

• Server appears to 'freeze' and becomes unresponsive after running for extended periods
• Ping requests timeout during slow operations
• New requests cannot be processed while the server is handling long-running operations
• After 67 minutes of operation with requests every 10 seconds, the server became completely unresponsive

Expected Behaviour

• Server should remain responsive to new requests (like pings) even while processing slow operations
• Ping requests should not timeout due to message processing delays
• The server should handle concurrent requests without blocking

Suspected Root Cause

The stdio_server uses max_buffer_size=0 (supplied to anyio.create_memory_object_stream) by default, which creates synchronous handoff between the stdin reader and message processor.

See: https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk/blob/543961968c0634e93d919d509cce23a1d6a56c21/src/mcp/server/stdio.py#L57-L58

When the message processor is slow or blocked, the stdin reader cannot read new messages from stdin, making the server appear unresponsive.

Example Code

  import anyio
  import pytest


  @pytest.mark.anyio
  async def test_server_becomes_unresponsive_with_slow_processor():
      """Demonstrates how server becomes unresponsive during slow processing."""

      # Simulates stdio_server with default max_buffer_size=0 (synchronous handoff)
      send_stream, receive_stream = anyio.create_memory_object_stream(0)

      async def stdin_reader():
          # First message gets through
          await send_stream.send("request_1")

          # Second message (like a ping) blocks until first is fully processed
          await send_stream.send("ping")  # This will block for entire processing time!

      async def message_processor():
          # Process first message
          msg = await receive_stream.receive()

          # Simulate slow processing (database query, API call, etc.)
          await anyio.sleep(0.1)  # 100ms processing time

          # During this time, stdin_reader is completely blocked
          # No new messages (including pings) can be read!

          ping = await receive_stream.receive()  # Finally unblocks stdin_reader

      async with anyio.create_task_group() as tg:
          tg.start_soon(message_processor)
          await anyio.sleep(0.01)  # Let processor start waiting
          tg.start_soon(stdin_reader)

      send_stream.close()
      receive_stream.close()

Proposed Solution

Allow users to configure max_buffer_size > 0 to enable buffering, with a default value (0) that preserves the current behaviour.

async def stdio_server(
    stdin: anyio.AsyncFile[str] | None = None,
    stdout: anyio.AsyncFile[str] | None = None,
    max_buffer_size: int = 0, 
):
    # ...
    read_stream_writer, read_stream = anyio.create_memory_object_stream(max_buffer_size)
    write_stream, write_stream_reader = anyio.create_memory_object_stream(max_buffer_size)

Python & MCP Python SDK

• Python: 3.12
• MCP Python SDK: 1.12.4
• OS: macOS

Additional Context

The issue manifests in long-running servers where message processing can occasionally be slow (database queries, file operations, API calls).

The fix should make max_buffer_size configurable so users can add buffering to prevent the stdin reader from blocking during slow operations.

从 src/mcp/server/stdio.py 中引用的 memory-stream 设置开始，检查 max_buffer_size 如何传递给两个流。按照描述使缓冲区大小可配置，同时保留当前默认值，并使用提供的异步示例验证正值能够在处理速度较慢时对输入进行缓冲。