Strongly typed TypedArray values

### 🔍 Search Terms

"TypedArray" "TypedArray value" "indexed value" "value type"

### ✅ Viability Checklist

- [x] This wouldn't be a breaking change in existing TypeScript/JavaScript code
- [x] This wouldn't change the runtime behavior of existing JavaScript code
- [x] This could be implemented without emitting different JS based on the types of the expressions
- [x] This isn't a runtime feature (e.g. library functionality, non-ECMAScript syntax with JavaScript output, new syntax sugar for JS, etc.)
- [x] This isn't a request to add a new utility type: https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/No-New-Utility-Types
- [x] This feature would agree with the rest of our Design Goals: https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/TypeScript-Design-Goals

### ⭐ Suggestion

Enable defining the value type of TypedArrays, similarly to how an Array's value type can be defined using `T[]` or `Array`. This would probably take the form of an additional generic parameter on TypedArray types with a default of `number` applied to keep backwards compatibility.

While Arrays can be defined to use an arbitrary T as their value type, TypedArrays always use the plain `number`. This is runtime-typing-wise correct, of course, but compared to the Array-case it is possible to define an Array that at runtime contains numbers but at the type level contains a subset of numbers, eg. `1 | 2 | 4` or `number & { [BRAND]: unknown }` (note that the "runtime-typing-wise correct" type for general Arrays would be `unknown` or `any`).

TypedArrays, lacking this ability, are harder to use in a code base that wants to use strongly-typed numbers through value unions or branded types. (A further feature which is not litigated here is strongly-typed indexing; the same kind of code base would quite possibly want to define an Array or TypedArray to only be indexed by a given `number & { [BRAND]: unknown }`.)

### 📃 Motivating Example

A TypedArray is used to store unique identifiers, such as indexes (handles) to a particular global storage array.

```typescript
const GLOBAL_DATA_ARRAY: unknown[] = [];

declare const GLOBAL_DATA_HANDLE_BRAND: unique symbol;
type GlobalDataHandle = number & { [GLOBAL_DATA_HANDLE_BRAND]: unknown };

const addData = (data: unknown): GlobalDataHandle => {
const existing = GLOBAL_DATA_ARRAY.indexOf(data);
if (existing !== -1) {
return existing as GlobalDataHandle;
}
const added = GLOBAL_DATA_ARRAY.length as GlobalDataHandle;
GLOBAL_DATA_ARRAY.push(data);
return added;
};

class Foo {
// currently:
#storage: Uint8Array | Uint16Array | Uint32Array;
// in the future:
#storage: Uint8Array | Uint16Array | Uint32Array;
#storageLength: number;

pushData(data: unknown): number {
this.ensureStorage(1); // reallocate #storage if it is full
const index = this.#storageLength++;
this.#storage[index] = addData(data); // okay; GlobalDataHandle is a number.
return index;
}

getDataHandle(index: number): GlobalDataHandle {
return this.#storage[index]; // error: number is not a GlobalDataHandle.
}
}
```

If `#storage` was a plain Array, this same would work without any real issue, but if the code base wants to take advantage of the (possibly) smaller memory footprint and stronger runtime value type guarantees of TypedArrays, they must add a lot of `as GlobalDataHandle` assertions; these assertions are then effectively uncheckable and as a result leads to possibly missing some errors when refactoring.

### 💻 Use Cases

1. Strongly typing TypedArray values to eg. constrain a particular TA to contain "data handles", another to contain "relative indexes", another to contain "data bitsets", and all of these TA value types to be strongly typed so as to be unique from one another and thus not be interchangeable.
2. Currently, `TypedArray & T[]` can sometimes be used but methods on the type become basically unusable, and even the value types seem to sometimes become just plain `number`.
3. The "best" thing to do today is to wrap access to the TypedArray into helper functions that `as` assert the value type: this comes at a small runtime cost as the function does not disappear even though it is entirely trivial in effect.

Start with the existing TypedArray type declarations and the motivating example showing branded handles stored and retrieved from a typed array. Define what generic value typing should cover, including backward-compatible defaults, then verify that reads and writes preserve the requested value type without changing emitted JavaScript.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.