`as enum` assertion for object literals

🔍 Search Terms

enum, object literal, type-stripping

✅ Viability Checklist

• This wouldn't be a breaking change in existing TypeScript/JavaScript code
• This wouldn't change the runtime behavior of existing JavaScript code
• This could be implemented without emitting different JS based on the types of the expressions
• This isn't a runtime feature (e.g. library functionality, non-ECMAScript syntax with JavaScript output, new syntax sugar for JS, etc.)
• This isn't a request to add a new utility type: https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/No-New-Utility-Types
• This feature would agree with the rest of our Design Goals: https://github.com/Microsoft/TypeScript/wiki/TypeScript-Design-Goals

Context

While TypeScript already allows declaring runtime enums values:

export enum Compass {
  N = "N",
  S = "S",
  E = "E",
  W = "W",
}

This is not standard JavaScript, and does not work in Node.js unless --experimental-transform-types is passed.

An alternative "pure JS" pattern from the TypeScript handbook is:

export const Compass = {
  N: "N",
  S: "S",
  E: "E",
  W: "W",
} as const;
export type Compass = typeof Compass[keyof typeof Compass];

https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/enums.html#objects-vs-enums

There are two downsides to this pattern:

• typeof X[keyof typeof X] is both verbose and not beginner friendly.
• The type aliases are not nominal, they are a plain union type.

⭐ Suggestion

Introduce some new syntax to TypeScript to help with the object-literal-as-enum pattern.

For example would be allowing as enum:

export const Compass = {
  N: "N",
  S: "S",
  E: "E",
  W: "W",
} as enum;

(from #59658)

An alternative design could be allowing an enum type annotation on const variable declarations export const Compass: enum = {...}.

This annotation would effectively be the same as writing:

/** secret internal type - here to get nominal typing */
declare const enum __Compass__ {
    N = "N",
    S = "S",
    E = "E",
    W = "W",
}
export const Compass = {
  N: "N" as __Compass__.N,
  S: "S" as __Compass__.S,
  E: "E" as __Compass__.E,
  W: "W" as __Compass__.W,
} as const;
export type Compass = __Compass__;

Rules

The enum annotation would only be permitted for object literals that are

• in a declarative position
• have compile-time constant key+values
• all values are either strings, numbers, or references to constant strings/numbers.

i.e. the object literal would follow very similar rules that are applied to const enum C {} syntax

// @ts-expect-error
foo({ a: "a" } as enum);

class C {
   // @ts-expect-error
   f: enum = {}
}

const o = {
   // @ts-expect-error
   p: Math.random()
} as enum;

Benefits

• The standard JS of an object lieral with the type-checking of an enum
• An explicit marker for tools such as linters to provide extra checks (e.g. enum naming conventions)

Downsides

While this object literal as enum pattern is popular in codebases that avoid non-standard runtime syntax it does not have all the features available with enum syntax such as self-reference during construction.

__proto__: null is currently not supported #38385 making it difficult to avoid object literals from inheriting non-enum properties resulting in false positives with key in MyEnum.

📃 Motivating Example

export const Compass = {
  N: "N",
  S: "S",
  E: "E",
  W: "W",
} as enum;
Object.freeze(Compass);

export function reverse(c: Compass): Compass {
   if (c === Compass.N) return Compass.S;
   if (c === Compass.S) return Compass.N;
   if (c === Compass.E) return Compass.W;
   if (c === Compass.W) return Compass.E;
   throw new Error("unreachable code was run");
}

The above module will work out-of-the-box in Node.js (assuming https://github.com/nodejs/typescript/issues/17).

💻 Use Cases

1. What do you want to use this for?

Creating an enum like value using standard Object literal syntax with some of the type system benefits that enum syntax has.

2. What shortcomings exist with current approaches?

• typeof Foo[keyof typeof Foo] is not beginner friendly and is not a nominal type

3. What workarounds are you using in the meantime?

One workaround is to have a small utility for emulating an enum like nominal type from an object literal (playground). The "literal" & { __key__: val } trick works but results in noisey types when displayed to the developer (e.g. in an error message)

Es werden keine Implementierungsdateien oder Tests genannt. Beginne damit, das bestehende Verhalten beim Parsen von Enums und bei der Typprüfung nachzuverfolgen, und vergleiche dann die vorgeschlagenen Regeln für as enum mit den aufgeführten Beispielen; abgeschlossen ist die Aufgabe, wenn ein abgestimmtes Design und die entsprechenden Compiler-Tests vorliegen.