microsoft / microsoft/TypeScript

TypeScripts Type System is Turing Complete

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#14,833 91 comentarios 2302 reacciones 0 asignados Ver en GitHub

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Descripción

This is not really a bug report and I certainly don't want TypeScripts type system being restricted due to this issue. However, I noticed that the type system in its current form (version 2.2) is turing complete.

Turing completeness is being achieved by combining mapped types, recursive type definitions, accessing member types through index types and the fact that one can create types of arbitrary size.
In particular, the following device enables turing completeness:

type MyFunc<TArg> = {
  "true": TrueExpr<MyFunction, TArg>,
  "false": FalseExpr<MyFunc, TArg>
}[Test<MyFunc, TArg>];

with TrueExpr, FalseExpr and Test being suitable types.

Even though I didn't formally prove (edit: in the meantime, I did - see below) that the mentioned device makes TypeScript turing complete, it should be obvious by looking at the following code example that tests whether a given type represents a prime number:

type StringBool = "true"|"false";

interface AnyNumber { prev?: any, isZero: StringBool };
interface PositiveNumber { prev: any, isZero: "false" };

type IsZero<TNumber extends AnyNumber> = TNumber["isZero"];
type Next<TNumber extends AnyNumber> = { prev: TNumber, isZero: "false" };
type Prev<TNumber extends PositiveNumber> = TNumber["prev"];


type Add<T1 extends AnyNumber, T2> = { "true": T2, "false": Next<Add<Prev<T1>, T2>> }[IsZero<T1>];

// Computes T1 * T2
type Mult<T1 extends AnyNumber, T2 extends AnyNumber> = MultAcc<T1, T2, _0>;
type MultAcc<T1 extends AnyNumber, T2, TAcc extends AnyNumber> = 
		{ "true": TAcc, "false": MultAcc<Prev<T1>, T2, Add<TAcc, T2>> }[IsZero<T1>];

// Computes max(T1 - T2, 0).
type Subt<T1 extends AnyNumber, T2 extends AnyNumber> = 
		{ "true": T1, "false": Subt<Prev<T1>, Prev<T2>> }[IsZero<T2>];

interface SubtResult<TIsOverflow extends StringBool, TResult extends AnyNumber> { 
	isOverflowing: TIsOverflow;
	result: TResult;
}

// Returns a SubtResult that has the result of max(T1 - T2, 0) and indicates whether there was an overflow (T2 > T1).
type SafeSubt<T1 extends AnyNumber, T2 extends AnyNumber> = 
		{
			"true": SubtResult<"false", T1>, 
            "false": {
                "true": SubtResult<"true", T1>,
                "false": SafeSubt<Prev<T1>, Prev<T2>>
            }[IsZero<T1>] 
		}[IsZero<T2>];

type _0 = { isZero: "true" };
type _1 = Next<_0>;
type _2 = Next<_1>;
type _3 = Next<_2>;
type _4 = Next<_3>;
type _5 = Next<_4>;
type _6 = Next<_5>;
type _7 = Next<_6>;
type _8 = Next<_7>;
type _9 = Next<_8>;

type Digits = { 0: _0, 1: _1, 2: _2, 3: _3, 4: _4, 5: _5, 6: _6, 7: _7, 8: _8, 9: _9 };
type Digit = 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9;
type NumberToType<TNumber extends Digit> = Digits[TNumber]; // I don't know why typescript complains here.

type _10 = Next<_9>;
type _100 = Mult<_10, _10>;

type Dec2<T2 extends Digit, T1 extends Digit>
	= Add<Mult<_10, NumberToType<T2>>, NumberToType<T1>>;

function forceEquality<T1, T2 extends T1>() {}
function forceTrue<T extends "true">() { }

//forceTrue<Equals<  Dec2<0,3>,  Subt<Mult<Dec2<2,0>, _3>, Dec2<5,7>>   >>();
//forceTrue<Equals<  Dec2<0,2>,  Subt<Mult<Dec2<2,0>, _3>, Dec2<5,7>>   >>();

type Mod<TNumber extends AnyNumber, TModNumber extends AnyNumber> =
    {
        "true": _0,
        "false": Mod2<TNumber, TModNumber, SafeSubt<TNumber, TModNumber>>
    }[IsZero<TNumber>];
type Mod2<TNumber extends AnyNumber, TModNumber extends AnyNumber, TSubtResult extends SubtResult<any, any>> =
    {
        "true": TNumber,
        "false": Mod<TSubtResult["result"], TModNumber>
    }[TSubtResult["isOverflowing"]];
    
type Equals<TNumber1 extends AnyNumber, TNumber2 extends AnyNumber>
    = Equals2<TNumber1, TNumber2, SafeSubt<TNumber1, TNumber2>>;
type Equals2<TNumber1 extends AnyNumber, TNumber2 extends AnyNumber, TSubtResult extends SubtResult<any, any>> =
    {
        "true": "false",
        "false": IsZero<TSubtResult["result"]>
    }[TSubtResult["isOverflowing"]];

type IsPrime<TNumber extends PositiveNumber> = IsPrimeAcc<TNumber, _2, Prev<Prev<TNumber>>>;
    
type IsPrimeAcc<TNumber, TCurrentDivisor, TCounter extends AnyNumber> = 
    {
        "false": {
            "true": "false",
            "false": IsPrimeAcc<TNumber, Next<TCurrentDivisor>, Prev<TCounter>>
        }[IsZero<Mod<TNumber, TCurrentDivisor>>],
        "true": "true"
    }[IsZero<TCounter>];

forceTrue< IsPrime<Dec2<1,0>> >();
forceTrue< IsPrime<Dec2<1,1>> >();
forceTrue< IsPrime<Dec2<1,2>> >();
forceTrue< IsPrime<Dec2<1,3>> >();
forceTrue< IsPrime<Dec2<1,4>>>();
forceTrue< IsPrime<Dec2<1,5>> >();
forceTrue< IsPrime<Dec2<1,6>> >();
forceTrue< IsPrime<Dec2<1,7>> >();

Besides (and a necessary consequence of being turing complete), it is possible to create an endless recursion:

type Foo<T extends "true", B> = { "true": Foo<T, Foo<T, B>> }[T];
let f: Foo<"true", {}> = null!;

Turing completeness could be disabled, if it is checked that a type cannot use itself in its definition (or in a definition of an referenced type) in any way, not just directly as it is tested currently. This would make recursion impossible.

//edit:
A proof of its turing completeness can be found here

Guía de contribución

Abrir la guía de contribución

Primeros pasos

  1. Lee el issue completo y luego la guía de contribución del proyecto.
  2. Comenta en el issue que vas a ocuparte — evita que dos personas hagan lo mismo.
  3. Haz un fork del repositorio y trabaja en una rama.
  4. Abre un pull request que haga referencia al número del issue.

Línea de trabajo

Comienza reproduciendo los ejemplos de tipos recursivos y números primos del issue con el comportamiento del compilador de la era de TypeScript 2.2 descrito allí. Lee las reglas del sistema de tipos para tipos mapeados, definiciones recursivas, acceso indexado y comprobación de recursión. Para darlo por terminado sería necesario un cambio decidido y probado en la política de recursión del sistema de tipos, pero el issue no define esa política ni identifica pruebas.

Escrito por el modelo de indexación a partir del texto del issue.

Evaluación

Stack tecnológico
typescript
Área
compilers
Tipo de issue
Nueva funcionalidad
Dificultad
5/5
Tiempo estimado
Más de una semana
Estado de actividad
Estancado
Claridad
Necesita aclaración
Aptitud para principiantes
20/100

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