Excellent docs on numeric casting in C++

Without strict compiler warnings, it is possible to write quite a bit of C++ without it be obvious once needs to study the details of numeric casting. Implicit conversion will convert various integer types to other integer types and to floating point types, quietly and hopefully correctly.

Because we can't have correct code based on hope, we should instead enable warnings from the get go that warn about implicit conversion and specifically truncating or narrowing conversion and convertions that might overflow.

So, we want to enable warnings like -Wconversion per #37.

What this means is that you'll get loud warnings right away about converting types and will need to figure out how to avoid or suppress them correctly, to fix the potential existing bugs they hint at and avoid creating new bugs in the process.

Refs https://github.com/mapbox/node-cpp-skel/pull/78#discussion_r144410926 https://github.com/mapbox/carmen-cache/issues/94
refs https://github.com/mapbox/gzip-hpp/pull/19#issuecomment-336537155

/cc @mapsam @GretaCB @flippmoke

Inizia esaminando l’issue #37 e le discussioni e pull requests a cui fa riferimento per comprendere la configurazione prevista degli avvisi. Quindi, esamina la configurazione di build del repository e compila con gli avvisi di conversione proposti. Il lavoro è completato quando gli avvisi sono abilitati e gli avvisi esistenti risultanti relativi a troncamento, narrowing, overflow o conversione implicita sono stati risolti o soppressi esplicitamente.