Recommendations for enabling more compiler checks

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Compilers enable by default, a set of warnings they will emit on dodgy or less-than-ideal code. These defaults:

- a. change over time
- b. vary between compiler versions
- c. do not include some of the most valuable warnings that might help prevent bugs

**_This issue is designed to focus on the problem of `c` from the perspective of the latest clang++ 4.x versions._**

Enabling more warnings than compilers do by default can be an important way of catching bugs early. For example integer truncation bugs can often be detected by enabling `-Wconversion`, which is not on by default.

Enabling more warnings is very difficult to do after a project is big (e.g. https://github.com/Project-OSRM/osrm-backend/pull/4495 and https://github.com/mapnik/mapnik/issues/2907 and https://github.com/mapnik/mapnik/issues/3204). It is best not to wait and rather to start a project with aggressive warnings from the beginning.

So, the question then becomes: what is a good set of aggressive warnings to enable at the start of a project (or to try to integrate into existing projects)?

In particular:

1) 🍇 Which flags we should always enable for all code no matter what?

2) 🍊 What additional flags may be very useful in some scenarios/some code bases?

3) 🍏 For small projects where it is feasible, can we actually start with `clang++`s `-Weverything`? This, when feasible, might be ideal. How to do it?

4) 🍎 What compiler specific flags should we recommend (that only currently work for clang++ or g++)?

Beginnen Sie mit der Prüfung der vier Fragen des Issues zu aggressiven Warnungen in clang++ 4.x, einschließlich -Wconversion und -Weverything. Untersuchen Sie, welche Flags allgemein nützlich, szenarioabhängig oder compilatorspezifisch sind, dokumentieren Sie anschließend eine klare Empfehlung und erläutern Sie, wie kleine Projekte sie anwenden könnten; abgeschlossen ist die Aufgabe, wenn die Hinweise zu Warnungen alle vier Fragen beantworten.

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