[PrefixModules] Prefixing is incorrect

I understand this is less broken, but please see this through.

Here's a simple tweak to your test that demonstrates one of the kinds of breakages I mentioned: https://github.com/llvm/circt/compare/main...dtzSiFive:circt:misc/prefix-module-breakage?expand=1 .

Running with this PR produces the following (should be caught by verifier (?!)):

```
firrtl.circuit "Prefix_RewriteInnerNameRefs" {
firrtl.module @Prefix_RewriteInnerNameRefs() {
%wire = firrtl.wire sym @wire : !firrtl.uint<1>
firrtl.instance mid @Prefix_Prefix2_Mid()
sv.verbatim "{{0}}" {symbols = [#hw.innerNameRef<@Prefix_RewriteInnerNameRefs::@wire>]}
sv.verbatim "{{0}} {{1}}" {symbols = [#hw.innerNameRef<@Prefix_RewriteInnerNameRefs::@wire>, #hw.innerNameRef<@Prefix_Prefix3_Nested::@wire>]}
}
firrtl.module @Prefix_Prefix2_Mid() {
firrtl.instance nested @Prefix_Prefix2_Prefix3_Nested()
}
firrtl.module @Prefix_Prefix2_Prefix3_Nested() {
%wire = firrtl.wire sym @wire : !firrtl.uint<1>
}
}
```

Notice that in the presence of multiple prefixes being applied the inner ref is updated incorrectly (missing `Prefix2` on `Nested` reference).

_Originally posted by @dtzSiFive in https://github.com/llvm/circt/issues/5259#issuecomment-1563188190_

Start with the reproducer in the issue and the discussion from issue #5259, then inspect the PrefixModules implementation and its verifier-related tests. Reproduce the nested-prefix case and trace how the inner-name reference is rewritten; done means the shown invalid reference is updated correctly and the verifier catches remaining invalid references.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.