Incorrect stack traceback when try except finally is used in jupyter notebooks with pandas

Originally opened by @dvorst in https://github.com/jupyter/notebook/issues/7242

[✓] I checked the documentation and found no answer [✓] I checked to make sure that this issue has not already been filed [✓] I'm reporting the issue to the correct repository
## Description

The stack traceback of some errors is displayed incorrectly. Below are two examples of an **incorrect stacktrace** and **correct stacktrace**. The incorrect one creates a pandas dataframe in a faulty manner, raising an exception, its stacktrace points to a command in the finally block instead of the pandas dataframe creation which is the actual issue.

The correct example shows how a non-existing key of a dictionary is called, its stacktrace does not point to a statement in the finally block but rather points to the line that actually causes the issue.

Some things i've tried or noticed:

* the correct example contains hyperlinks to each code-line, while the incorrect one doesn't, maybe this is a hint to the cause. I therefore included the stacktrace of both examples in raw text as well as html.

* running the'incorrect stacktrace' example in pure python (.py file) results in a **correct** stacktrace

* this issue occurs when hosting jupyter notebooks locally, but also in VSCode notebooks using the ipykernel

* Thinking that C-code extensions of Python could be a potential source, I also tried raising errors using torch (torch.tensor('invalid_type') but this results in a correct stacktrace.

* aside of torch i also tried incorrectly initiating classes with other packages, this also lead to a correct stacktrace

### incorrect stacktrace
#### code

```python
import pandas as pd

try:
pd.DataFrame(1)
except:
print("except")
raise
finally:
print("finally")
```

#### stacktrace text

```
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
/var/folders/j4/hhybm8xx3pb7nnmwfptdqng00000gp/T/ipykernel_40674/1767429816.py in ?()
5 except:
6 print("except")
7 raise
8 finally:
----> 9 print("finally")

~/Documents/projects/notebook-stacktrace-bug/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/core/frame.py in ?(self, data, index, columns, dtype, copy)
871 )
872 # For data is scalar
873 else:
874 if index is None or columns is None:
--> 875 raise ValueError("DataFrame constructor not properly called!")
876
877 index = ensure_index(index)
878 columns = ensure_index(columns)

ValueError: DataFrame constructor not properly called!
```

#### stacktrace html

```
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
[/var/folders/j4/hhybm8xx3pb7nnmwfptdqng00000gp/T/ipykernel_40674/1767429816.py](https://file+.vscode-resource.vscode-cdn.net/var/folders/j4/hhybm8xx3pb7nnmwfptdqng00000gp/T/ipykernel_40674/1767429816.py) in ?()
5 except:
6 print("except")
7 raise
8 finally:
----> 9 print("finally")

[~/Documents/projects/notebook-stacktrace-bug/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/core/frame.py](https://file+.vscode-resource.vscode-cdn.net/Users/dvorst/Documents/projects/notebook-stacktrace-bug/~/Documents/projects/notebook-stacktrace-bug/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pandas/core/frame.py) in ?(self, data, index, columns, dtype, copy)
871 )
872 # For data is scalar
873 else:
874 if index is None or columns is None:
--> 875 raise ValueError("DataFrame constructor not properly called!")
876
877 index = ensure_index(index)
878 columns = ensure_index(columns)

ValueError: DataFrame constructor not properly called!
```

### correct stacktrace
#### code

```
some_dict = {}
try:
some_dict['non-existent-key']
except:
print("except")
raise
finally:
print("finally")
```

#### stacktrace text

```
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[6], line 3
1 some_dict = {}
2 try:
----> 3 some_dict['non-existent-key']
4 except:
5 print("except")

KeyError: 'non-existent-key'
```

#### stacktrace html

```
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[6], [line 3](vscode-notebook-cell:?execution_count=6&line=3)
[1](vscode-notebook-cell:?execution_count=6&line=1) some_dict = {}
[2](vscode-notebook-cell:?execution_count=6&line=2) try:
----> [3](vscode-notebook-cell:?execution_count=6&line=3) some_dict['non-existent-key']
[4](vscode-notebook-cell:?execution_count=6&line=4) except:
[5](vscode-notebook-cell:?execution_count=6&line=5) print("except")

KeyError: 'non-existent-key'
```

## Context

This occurs in the browser with notebook 7.0.7, but also in VSCode notebooks with ipykernel 6.29.2

* Operating System and version: macOS 14.2

* Browser and version: Firefox 122.0.1 though this shouldn't matter as the issue also occurs in VSCode

IPython : 8.21.0 ipykernel : 6.29.2 ipywidgets : not installed jupyter_client : 8.6.0 jupyter_core : 5.7.1 jupyter_server : 2.12.5 jupyterlab : 4.1.0 nbclient : 0.9.0 nbconvert : 7.16.0 nbformat : 5.9.2 notebook : 7.0.7 qtconsole : not installed traitlets : 5.14.1

pandas : 2.2.0 vscode. : 1.86.0
Troubleshoot Output

I did not include the command line output as this caused the maximum amount of characters allowed to be exceeded.