[sdk-platform-java] `error_prone-core` is not managed in shared-deps

`error_prone-core` is not managed by sdk-platform-java. It is unique to java-datastore.

We need a long term solution. Two options would be
- upgrade errorprone core to the latest (which supports JDK 17+ only) and drop the check for Java 8 and 11.
- Keep this fix as is until the Cloud SDK drops support for JDK 8 and 11

cc: @cindy-peng @blakeli0

_Originally posted by @diegomarquezp in https://github.com/googleapis/java-datastore/issues/1876#issuecomment-2985749540_

Start by examining how shared dependencies manage error_prone-core and the java-datastore configuration referenced in the issue. Compare the two proposed paths against the Cloud SDK's Java 8, 11, and 17+ support requirements. Done means choosing and implementing a documented long-term dependency strategy.

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