Use `ParamSpec` for shared kwargs

### Problem Statement

We have a couple of hacks in place in the SDK (e.g. [here](https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-python/blob/b2c9af9d80859ba6a9e917daa02eb5f20d189591/sentry_sdk/client.py#L639-L659)) to enable autocompletion for things that share `args`/`kwargs` without having to duplicate said `args`/`kwargs` in multiple places.

### Solution Brainstorm

Python 3.10 (and `typing_extensions` for lower Python versions) includes support for `ParamSpec` https://sobolevn.me/2021/12/paramspec-guide that allows type signatures to "share" args/kwargs between functions. See if we can use this to replace the existing hacks.

Make sure that you get proper typing hints in an IDE (best to check both e.g. VSCode and PyCharm) and that [the API docs](https://getsentry.github.io/sentry-python/api.html) are also correct.

Comece pelo tratamento compartilhado de args/kwargs em sentry_sdk/client.py, especialmente nas linhas 639-659, e inspecione as assinaturas relacionadas em todo o SDK. Verifique o suporte a ParamSpec nas versões do Python suportadas pelo projeto e em typing_extensions; depois, verifique o autocompletar no VSCode e no PyCharm e confirme que a documentação de API gerada em getsentry.github.io/sentry-python/api.html exibe as assinaturas pretendidas.

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