Cloudflare Queue context propagation and trace links

### Problem Statement

Right now Cloudflare Queues don't have context propagation and no trace link to each other.

Original request: https://github.com/getsentry/sentry-javascript/issues/22298#issuecomment-4983223603

### Solution Brainstorm

Maybe we could do the same as we do for trace propagation in RPC calls between workers.

### Additional Context

_No response_

### Priority

_{React with 👍 to help prioritize this issue. Please use comments to provide useful context, avoiding `+1` or `me too`, to help us triage it.}

Start by reviewing the existing trace propagation for RPC calls between workers and how Cloudflare Queues are represented in the SDK. Determine the required context propagation and trace-link behavior, then verify that queue-related traces connect as intended.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.