[v3] Extract Concepts from v2 exercise: robot-simulator

Extract the list of concepts required to solve the v2 C++ exercise: `robot-simulator`. For each concept, describe why it is required to solve the exercise. Keep in mind that an exercise can have multiple approaches (you can find community solutions here: `https://exercism.io/tracks/cpp/exercises/robot-simulator/solutions`). The goal of this task is to help determine the total list of concepts that make up `robot-simulator`.

The list of concepts should be stored in the following document: `languages/cpp/reference/exercise-concepts/robot-simulator.md`. [Use this link to create a PR to add this document][pr-link].

[pr-link]: ../new/master?filename=languages/cpp/reference/exercise-concepts/robot-simulator.md

Start by reviewing the v2 C++ robot-simulator exercise and the community solutions linked in the issue. Create languages/cpp/reference/exercise-concepts/robot-simulator.md with the complete set of concepts used across the approaches, explaining why each is required. Done means the document exists at that path and covers the concepts needed to solve the exercise.

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