binary-search-tree: left() and right() return modifiable subtree

In the exercise "`binary-search-tree`" the methods `left()` and `right()` are hard to implement correctly. The example implementation itself is IMHO incorrect.

The tests look like this:
```cpp
template
using tree_ptr = typename std::unique_ptr>;

template
static void test_leaf(const tree_ptr &tree, const T& data, bool has_left, bool has_right)

//...

test_leaf(tested->left(), 2, false, false);
```

That forces implementations of `binary_tree::left()` (and `binary_tree::right()`) to return a `tree_ptr` reference or rvaue which points to a non-`const` subtree.
Remember: `const std::unique_ptr` means that the `unique_ptr` itself is `const`, not the object it points to.

Somebody could take the example implementation (`example.h`) and write
```cpp
auto tree = binary_tree::binary_tree(100);
tree.insert(50);
tree.left()->insert(150);
```
and thus invalidate the invariant of `tree`.

I consider any implementation of a binary search tree that can be corrupted that way as faulty. I came up with three alternatives that avoid this issue and pass the current tests:

- `binary_tree` could have a member variable `allow_insert` that is `true` for the root and `false` for all subtrees
- `binary_tree` could have a parent pointer and `insert()` could check for each of its parents if the new value violates that parent's invariant
- `left()` and `right()` could copy the subtree and return a `unique_ptr` to that copy.

But IMHO none of those alternatives feels right.

The easiest solution would be if `left()` and `right()` could return `const` raw pointers. But one could argue that raw pointers result in unclear ownership.

Commencez par l’exercice de binary-search-tree et examinez example.h, en vous concentrant sur binary_tree::left(), binary_tree::right() et insert(). Comparez leur ownership et leur constness avec les tests actuels présentés dans l’issue. C’est terminé lorsque l’exemple et les tests s’accordent sur une API de sous-arbre const-safe qui ne peut pas invalider l’invariant de l’arbre.

Rédigé par le modèle d'indexation à partir du texte de l'issue.