Allow using environment variables to set basic defaults for repos

While looking at the JAX project, a somewhat convenient feature they have is setting an environment variable to override the URL and sha that is used.

This does seem like a pretty convenient and low-overhead way to quickly switch up the URL used if you're playing around with the toolchain. Much easier than figuring out the `python.single_version_platform_override()` apis. As an example, it would have made it easier to test the new python-build-standalone builds that changes the linking of tk/tcl libs.

从 python.single_version_platform_override() APIs 以及 issue 中描述的 JAX 行为入手。确定环境变量应如何覆盖 repository URL 和 sha，包括它们的名称和优先级；完成的标准是用户无需使用 APIs 即可切换这些默认值。

由索引模型根据 Issue 内容生成。