Accelerate CI by commonizing thrift build and leveraging cache

Building thrift compiler takes several minutes and occupies approximately one out of four or five in the total CI duration.
It can be improved by optimizing workflow and leveraging cache so as to avoid building thrift many times.

**Reporter**: [Kengo Seki](https://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/ViewProfile.jspa?name=sekikn) / @sekikn
**Assignee**: [Kengo Seki](https://issues.apache.org/jira/secure/ViewProfile.jspa?name=sekikn) / @sekikn

_{**Note**: *This issue was originally created as [PARQUET-2205](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/PARQUET-2205). Please see the [migration documentation](https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/PARQUET-2502) for further details.*}