Incorporate google fuzztest

Track the work needed to incorporate https://github.com/google/fuzztest into the repository for future fuzz testing coverage.

This issue is meant to capture the follow-up effort required to:
- evaluate how `@google/fuzztest` fits into the current C++ test infrastructure
- identify any build, dependency, or tooling changes needed
- define a plan for adding fuzz tests to critical code paths
- determine whether additional CI support will be needed