Enable lazy argument evaluation for arbitrary scalar functions

### Is your feature request related to a problem or challenge?

If a scalar function currently want to use lazy argument evaluation it needs to implement `simplify` and rewrite itself into some other `PhysicalExpr` that implements lazy evaluation. `coalesce` being rewritten to `case` is a good example of this.

While this is fine for some situations, it would be more flexible if `ScalarUDF` implementations could control argument evaluation themselves rather than having to rewrite themselves.

There is a hint of support for this idea already in the form of `ScalarUDF#short_circuits`.

### Describe the solution you'd like

Provide some way to pass arguments whose evaluation is deferred to scalar UDF implementations so that those can control if and when arguments are evaluated.

### Describe alternatives you've considered

_No response_

### Additional context

Relates to #17982 and #17983

Start by reading the ScalarUDF interface and its existing short_circuits support, then review the related issues #17982 and #17983 for context. Determine how scalar UDFs could receive deferred arguments and define the evaluation contract; the work is done when arbitrary scalar functions can control whether and when those arguments are evaluated.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.