[Python][Parquet] Improve usability of ParquetDataset

In e.g. `pd.read_parquet` implementation, we currently wrap `pq.read_table`. However, I would like to use the dataset implementation to get access to some more features (e.g. reading only the first few rows, defining a filter _after_ opening (discovering the schema) the dataset).

That runs into some issues:

- `pq.read_table()` uses ParquetDataset under the hood, but still has a fallback to plain `ParquetFile().read()` when `pyarrow.dataset` module is not available. While this will definitely be uncommon, I have no clue how important it is to keep supporting this (also on the pandas side, since this is currently a "feature" of `pandas.read_parquet` by means of using `pq.read_table`).
- I would prefer using `pq.ParquetDataset` over `pyarrow.dataset`, because the parquet version is compatible with `pq.read_table` and does all the translation to the `pyarrow.dataset` API for us (constructing the file format object, passing the various keywords in the correct place, mapping some naming differences, etc)
- But `ParquetDataset` is also limited, and currently I am essentially using it as a constructor to then access the underlying `._dataset` (the `pyarrow.dataset` dataset object)

Some ideas that I was having:

- Add a new `pq.open_dataset()`-like function that also has the boilerplate to construct the `pyarrow.dataset` object, but returns that instead of the `ParquetDataset` wrapper
- Would it be technically possible to let `pq.ParquetDataset` inherit from `pyarrow.dataset.Dataset`, so you get those methods that way, while keeping it back-compat
- Add new methods to `pq.ParquetDataset` (`to_table()`, `head()`, etc) to make it look more like a `pyarrow.dataset.Dataset`, but without actually inheriting from it
- Simply "officially" expose the underlying dataset, so that I don't have to use the private `_dataset` attribute

Beginne mit der Überprüfung der Integration von pandas.read_parquet und pq.read_table und untersuche anschließend pq.ParquetDataset und das zugrunde liegende _dataset zusammen mit der pyarrow.dataset API. Vergleiche die vorgeschlagene open_dataset-Funktion, die Vererbung, die hinzugefügten Methoden und die öffentliche Bereitstellung des Datasets; als erledigt gilt die Auswahl und Dokumentation einer kompatiblen Nutzbarkeitsrichtung mit angemessener API-Abdeckung.

Vom Indexierungsmodell aus dem Issue-Text verfasst.