[CI] Build Java and C Data artifacts once

### Describe the enhancement requested

The CI GitHub Actions workflow currently recompiles the project in every matrix job. This causes repeated Maven and native compilation across JDK versions and operating systems.

I'd suggest to change the workflows to build the java artifacts once with JDK 17 (since it is the version used to release) and separate build from test execution into separate jobs.

This would also help in reducing the number of minutes spent on runners. Original concern was raised in https://lists.apache.org/thread/drf0o5kzg1zfmok7gc09k8qz8hh9ymvh