[Table] Expose paginated data on MatTableDataSource

#### Bug, feature request, or proposal:
feature request

#### What is the expected behavior?
`MatTableDataSource` should provide a method to get currently rendered data which is filtered, sorted and paginated.

#### What is the current behavior?
At the moment I couldn't find the right way to get rendered data(It may exist but it's not documented).

#### What are the steps to reproduce?
--

#### What is the use-case or motivation for changing an existing behavior?
I have found a hacky way to get currently rendered data on the table page.
The data is filtered, sorted, and paginated, so I have to get the currently visible data, for let's say row selection's page toggle(clicking it will select all filtered and sorted data on the current table page).

I'm using `this.dataSource['_renderData']['value']`, but the problem is that, `_renderData` is a `private` property of type `BehaviorSubject`. So accessing data in this way doesn't look good.

#### Which versions of Angular, Material, OS, TypeScript, browsers are affected?
latest

#### Is there anything else we should know?
--

从 MatTableDataSource 开始，检查其经过过滤、排序和分页的渲染数据目前是如何公开的，包括报告中提到的私有 _renderData BehaviorSubject。比较现有的公共 API，并定义一种有文档说明的方式来获取当前页面；完成的标准是使用者不再需要访问私有属性。

由索引模型根据 Issue 内容生成。