[Table] Add inline editing for inputs

#### Bug, feature request, or proposal:

Feature request

#### What is the expected behavior?

Clicking on a text field should launch a simple edit dialog with an `md-input`. Hitting Enter would then close the dialog and save the input as the new value for the text field.

#### What is the use-case or motivation for changing an existing behavior?

This behavior is described in the Data Table section of the Material spec, found [here](https://material.io/guidelines/components/data-tables.html#data-tables-interaction), and would be useful to have as its own component.

#### Is there anything else we should know?

Accessibility is a real concern here, and there doesn't seem to be much discussion/affordance defined in the spec for possible solutions. The text field itself could be defined as a button with `aria-role="button"`, but that may be deceptive.

cc @andrewseguin @jelbourn

Commencez par examiner l’interaction demandée et la spécification Material liée des tableaux de données. Déterminez l’approche d’accessibilité avant d’identifier les points d’entrée pertinents du tableau et de la saisie ; le travail est considéré comme terminé lorsque les champs de texte ouvrent une boîte de dialogue de modification, que Enter enregistre la nouvelle valeur et la ferme, et que l’interaction est accessible.

Rédigé par le modèle d'indexation à partir du texte de l'issue.