feat(Slider): The Slider component should be able to properly display values with four or more digits

### Feature Description

The [Slider component](https://material.angular.dev/components/slider/overview) cannot display values with four or more digits properly in the thumb label.

The issue can be quickly seen by sliding one of the example sliders in the documentation all the way up:

At four digits, the text already overflows the container. A year looks even worse:

While the custom thumb label formatting feature slightly helps with this, the limit for a slider that looks decent is just three-digit values.

Looking at [Material Design sliders](https://m3.material.io/components/sliders/overview), I can see that the thumb label is much wider, and it's easy to imagine it expanding horizontally to accomodate more text:

The design of the Angular Material slider actually resembles the older M2 design with the smaller label:

### Use Case

This will enable the slider to be used for a lot of common use cases like selecting a date range.

Start with the Slider component and the example sliders in the documentation linked in the issue, reproducing the overflow with four-digit values and a year. Compare the thumb-label behavior with the Material Design slider reference; done means longer values display cleanly without overflowing and the documented examples remain usable.

Written by the indexing model from the issue text.