feat(button): add `expanded` state to extended FAB for smooth collapse/expand transitions

### Feature Description

According to the [Material Design 3 specs](https://m3.material.io/components/extended-fab/guidelines), an extended FAB should be able to smoothly transition between an extended state (capsule shape with text) and a collapsed state (circular shape with icon only) depending on scroll interactions or limited screen space.

I propose adding a new `[expanded]="boolean"` (default `true`) property specifically for the Extended FAB.

* The `extended` property defines the `mat-fab` as an Extended FAB rather than a standard FAB.
* The `expanded` property defines its visual **state** (expanded capsule vs. collapsed circle).

This would apply the necessary CSS transitions when the text label visually disappears in the collapsed state.

### Use Case

I want to implement an expandable/collapsible [Navigation Rail](https://m3.material.io/components/navigation-rail/overview).

When a user interacts with a Navigation Rail to expand/collapse it, the top FAB within that rail should smoothly animate between a collapsed regular FAB and an extended FAB with a text label. Currently, because `mat-fab` lacks an animatable `expanded` state, developers cannot easily recreate this fluid interaction without writing complex custom CSS overrides to hack the fab-label.

Having a native `[expanded]` property would allow developers to seamlessly bind the FAB's state to the Navigation Rail's drawer state, providing a polished and spec-compliant Material 3 experience out of the box.

从 Angular Material 扩展 FAB（`mat-fab`）的实现及其现有的 `extended` 属性开始。验证当前 extended 和 collapsed 的渲染行为，然后将完成定义为默认值为 true 的 `expanded` 状态，该状态根据 issue 中描述的 Material Design 3 行为，在包含文本的胶囊形控件与仅包含图标的圆形 FAB 之间进行转换。

由索引模型根据 Issue 内容生成。