bug(cdkTable & mat-table): virtual scrolling shifting issues introduced in 21.1

### Is this a regression?

- [x] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

21.0.0

### Description

In version v20.0.0 we had used a custom virtual scrolling strategy to allow tables with sticky headers. Upgrade to 21.0.0 broke the custom scrolling strategy implementation we have used so we decided to look for alternatives. Luckily, It seems that 21.0 also introduced support for tables with sticky header (or was introduced earlier, I am actually not sure which version added support), unfortunately, version 21.1 seems to introduce a bug which makes the scrolling shift around.

The bug can be seen in the example provided in the Table documentation as well. The documentation is still running on 21.0.0 but if you upgrade the example to 21.1.1, you can start seeing the buggy behavior when scrolling.

Scrolling seems to be fixed when `itemSize` is set to 0, however, in infinite scrolling implementations using DataSource that rely on `collectionViewer.onViewChange` `range.end`, it will continuously fetch the next page since `range.end` will always be the max value (3rd stackblitz link in the reproduction links has an async implementation mocked example that can be tested if uncommented in `table-virtual-scroll-example.component.ts` in constructor)

Example provided is on mat-table but cdkTable's behavior is the same if not worse

### Reproduction

StackBlitz link:
v21.0 (original example on version 21.0): https://stackblitz.com/edit/dfp4dgn5?file=src%2Fexample%2Ftable-virtual-scroll-example.ts&startScript=start
v21.1.1 (original example but on version 21.1.1): https://stackblitz.com/edit/6wi4nsxd?file=src%2Fexample%2Ftable-virtual-scroll-example.ts&startScript=start
v21.1.1 with DataSource: https://stackblitz.com/edit/gt9emjwr?file=src%2Fexample%2Ftable-virtual-scroll-example.ts (much more noticeable in this example)

Steps to reproduce:
1. Scroll around using the scroll wheel (also happens when you drag around the scrollbar thumb especially visible in tables with small amount of rows)
2. 3rd link has an infinite scrolling implementation that can be tested if uncommented in `table-virtual-scroll-example.component.ts`'s constructor

### Expected Behavior

The table should scroll correctly without shifting around

### Actual Behavior

Scrolling shifts around, some cases making it impossible to even scroll back up once you go all the way down and some cases scrolls upwards when scrolling down

### Environment

- Angular: 21.1.1
- CDK/Material: 21.1.1
- Browser(s): Chrome
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu): Windows & macOS

Beginne damit, die StackBlitz-Tabellenbeispiele von v21.0 und v21.1.1 zu vergleichen, insbesondere das Verhalten von virtual-scroll und das DataSource-Beispiel. Kommentiere in der dritten Reproduktion die asynchrone Implementierung in table-virtual-scroll-example.component.ts aus und beobachte beim Scrollen collectionViewer.onViewChange range.end. Als erledigt gilt die Aufgabe, wenn mat-table und cdkTable ohne Verschiebung scrollen und das unendliche Scrollen Seiten nicht wiederholt abruft.

Vom Indexierungsmodell aus dem Issue-Text verfasst.