bug(autocomplete): optionSelected and onChangeCallback is called before the animation completes

### Is this a regression?

- [X] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

v16.1.8

### Description

There is a _setValueAndClose method in the MatAutocompleteTrigger class that doesn't take into account the time to complete the animation, this has even been flagged todo but still not fixed. Currently, if we in optionSelected decide to clear the array used in ngFor for mat-option, we will get the array cleared before the panel closes and there will be a corresponding jump


@crisbeto

### Reproduction

StackBlitz link: https://components-issue-v4ujjj.stackblitz.io
Steps to reproduce:
1. put the focus in the field
2. pick a value from the list

### Expected Behavior

the optionSelected event will be called after the animation is complete, the menu will not jump after the array is cleared

### Actual Behavior

optionSelected event was triggered without waiting for the animation to complete, clearing the array caused the panel to jump

### Environment

- Angular: 16.2.12
- CDK/Material: 16.2.14
- Browser(s): google chrome v126.0.6478.127
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu): Windows 10

从 MatAutocompleteTrigger 类及其 _setValueAndClose 方法开始，然后使用链接的 StackBlitz 复现该行为：选择一个选项，同时在 optionSelected 中清空 mat-option ngFor 数组。将事件时序与 autocomplete 面板动画进行比较；当 optionSelected 和 onChangeCallback 不会导致面板在动画完成前跳动时，即表示完成。

由索引模型根据 Issue 内容生成。