bug(MatCalendar): updating dateClass does not update calendar view

### Is this a regression?

- [ ] Yes, this behavior used to work in the previous version

### The previous version in which this bug was not present was

_No response_

### Description

We have displayed a calendar and when changing the month we load data from the backend to highlight certain cells.

We tried to update the `dateClass` using observables together with the async pipe which did not work since the calendar is not updating when the reference changes.

A workaround was to call `setLocale` of the date adapter which triggers a rerender.

I consider this a bug and not a feature because it is not mentioned anywhere that this cannot be done and `dateFilter` also can be updated asynchronously.

### Reproduction

StackBlitz link:
Steps to reproduce:
1.
2.

### Expected Behavior

Update calendar view on `dateClass` change

### Actual Behavior

calendar view does not update when `dateClass` changes.

### Environment

- Angular: 17.3.0
- CDK/Material: 17.3.0
- Browser(s): Chrome
- Operating System (e.g. Windows, macOS, Ubuntu): MacOS

Beginne beim Einstiegspunkt MatCalendar und reproduziere den gemeldeten Fall mit einem sich asynchron ändernden dateClass-Wert. Überprüfe, dass die Änderung des Werts die gerenderten Kalenderzellen aktualisiert, ohne auf den setLocale-Workaround des Date-Adapters angewiesen zu sein; im Issue wird keine Quelldatei oder kein Test genannt.

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